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curl_setopt

(PHP 4 >= 4.0.2, PHP 5)

curl_setopt -- Set an option for a cURL transfer

说明

bool curl_setopt ( resource ch, int option, mixed value )

Sets an option on the given cURL session handle.

参数

ch

A cURL handle returned by curl_init().

option

The CURLOPT_XXX option that you want to set

value

The value to be set on option.

value should be a bool for the following values of the option parameter:

OptionSet value toNotes
CURLOPT_AUTOREFERER TRUE to automatically set the Referer: field in requests where it follows a Location: redirect. Available since PHP 5.1.0.
CURLOPT_BINARYTRANSFER TRUE to return the raw output when CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER is used.  
CURLOPT_COOKIESESSION TRUE to mark this as a new cookie "session". It will force libcurl to ignore all cookies it is about to load that are "session cookies" from the previous session. By default, libcurl always stores and loads all cookies, independent if they are session cookies are not. Session cookies are cookies without expiry date and they are meant to be alive and existing for this "session" only. Available since PHP 5.1.0.
CURLOPT_CRLF TRUE to convert Unix newlines to CRLF newlines on transfers.  
CURLOPT_DNS_USE_GLOBAL_CACHE TRUE to use a global DNS cache. This option is not thread-safe and is enabled by default.  
CURLOPT_FAILONERROR TRUE to fail silently if the HTTP code returned is greater than or equal to 400. The default behavior is to return the page normally, ignoring the code.  
CURLOPT_FILETIME TRUE to attempt to retrieve the modification date of the remote document. You can then retrieve this value using the CURLINFO_FILETIME option with curl_getinfo().  
CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION TRUE to follow any "Location: " header that the server sends as part of the HTTP header (note this is recursive, PHP will follow as many "Location: " headers that it is sent, unless CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS is set).  
CURLOPT_FORBID_REUSE TRUE to force the connection to explicitly close when it has finished processing, and not be pooled for reuse.  
CURLOPT_FRESH_CONNECT TRUE to force the use of a new connection instead of a cached one.  
CURLOPT_FTP_USE_EPRT TRUE to use EPRT (and LPRT) when doing active FTP downloads. Use FALSE to disable EPRT and LPRT and use PORT only. Added in PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_FTP_USE_EPSV TRUE to first try an EPSV command for FTP transfers before reverting back to PASV. Set to FALSE to disable EPSV.  
CURLOPT_FTPAPPEND TRUE to append to the remote file instead of overwriting it.  
CURLOPT_FTPASCII An alias of CURLOPT_TRANSFERTEXT. Use that instead.  
CURLOPT_FTPLISTONLY TRUE to only list the names of an FTP directory.  
CURLOPT_HEADER TRUE to include the header in the output.  
CURLOPT_HTTPGET TRUE to reset the HTTP request method to GET. Since GET is the default, this is only necessary if the request method has been changed.  
CURLOPT_HTTPPROXYTUNNEL TRUE to tunnel through a given HTTP proxy.  
CURLOPT_MUTE TRUE to be completely silent with regards to the cURL functions.  
CURLOPT_NETRC TRUE to scan your ~/.netrc file to find your username and password for the remote site that you're establishing a connection with.  
CURLOPT_NOBODY TRUE to exclude the body from the output.  
CURLOPT_NOPROGRESS TRUE to disable the progress meter for cURL transfers.

注意: PHP automatically sets this option to TRUE, this should only be changed for debugging purposes.

 
CURLOPT_NOSIGNAL TRUE to ignore any cURL function that causes a signal to be sent to the PHP process. This is turned on by default in multi-threaded SAPIs so timeout options can still be used. Added in cURL 7.10 and PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_POST TRUE to do a regular HTTP POST. This POST is the normal application/x-www-form-urlencoded kind, most commonly used by HTML forms.  
CURLOPT_PUT TRUE to HTTP PUT a file. The file to PUT must be set with CURLOPT_INFILE and CURLOPT_INFILESIZE.  
CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER TRUE to return the transfer as a string of the return value of curl_exec() instead of outputting it out directly.  
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER FALSE to stop cURL from verifying the peer's certificate. Alternate certificates to verify against can be specified with the CURLOPT_CAINFO option or a certificate directory can be specified with the CURLOPT_CAPATH option. CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST may also need to be TRUE or FALSE if CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER is disabled (it defaults to 2). TRUE by default as of cURL 7.10. Default bundle installed as of cURL 7.10.
CURLOPT_TRANSFERTEXT TRUE to use ASCII mode for FTP transfers. For LDAP, it retrieves data in plain text instead of HTML. On Windows systems, it will not set STDOUT to binary mode.  
CURLOPT_UNRESTRICTED_AUTH TRUE to keep sending the username and password when following locations (using CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION), even when the hostname has changed. Added in PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_UPLOAD TRUE to prepare for an upload.  
CURLOPT_VERBOSE TRUE to output verbose information. Writes output to STDERR, or the file specified using CURLOPT_STDERR.  

value should be an integer for the following values of the option parameter:

OptionSet value toNotes
CURLOPT_BUFFERSIZE The size of the buffer to use for each read. There is no guarantee this request will be fulfilled, however. Added in cURL 7.10 and PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_CLOSEPOLICY Either CURLCLOSEPOLICY_LEAST_RECENTLY_USED or CURLCLOSEPOLICY_OLDEST. There are three other CURLCLOSEPOLICY_ constants, but cURL does not support them yet.  
CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT The number of seconds to wait whilst trying to connect. Use 0 to wait indefinitely.  
CURLOPT_DNS_CACHE_TIMEOUT The number of seconds to keep DNS entries in memory. This option is set to 120 (2 minutes) by default.  
CURLOPT_FTPSSLAUTH The FTP authentication method (when is activated): CURLFTPAUTH_SSL (try SSL first), CURLFTPAUTH_TLS (try TLS first), or CURLFTPAUTH_DEFAULT (let cURL decide). Added in cURL 7.12.2 and PHP 5.1.0.
CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION CURL_HTTP_VERSION_NONE (default, lets CURL decide which version to use), CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_0 (forces HTTP/1.0), or CURL_HTTP_VERSION_1_1 (forces HTTP/1.1).  
CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH

The HTTP authentication method(s) to use. The options are: CURLAUTH_BASIC, CURLAUTH_DIGEST, CURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATE, CURLAUTH_NTLM, CURLAUTH_ANY, and CURLAUTH_ANYSAFE.

You can use the bitwise | (or) operator to combine more than one method. If you do this, cURL will poll the server to see what methods it supports and pick the best one.

CURLAUTH_ANY is an alias for CURLAUTH_BASIC | CURLAUTH_DIGEST | CURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATE | CURLAUTH_NTLM.

CURLAUTH_ANYSAFE is an alias for CURLAUTH_DIGEST | CURLAUTH_GSSNEGOTIATE | CURLAUTH_NTLM.

Added in PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_INFILESIZE The expected size, in bytes, of the file when uploading a file to a remote site.  
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT The transfer speed, in bytes per second, that the transfer should be below during CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME seconds for PHP to consider the transfer too slow and abort.  
CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_TIME The number of seconds the transfer should be below CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT for PHP to consider the transfer too slow and abort.  
CURLOPT_MAXCONNECTS The maximum amount of persistent connections that are allowed. When the limit is reached, CURLOPT_CLOSEPOLICY is used to determine which connection to close.  
CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS The maximum amount of HTTP redirections to follow. Use this option alongside CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION.  
CURLOPT_PORT An alternative port number to connect to.  
CURLOPT_PROXYAUTH The HTTP authentication method(s) to use for the proxy connection. Use the same bitmasks as described in CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH. For proxy authentication, only CURLAUTH_BASIC and CURLAUTH_NTLM are currently supported. Added in cURL 7.10.7 and PHP 5.1.0.
CURLOPT_PROXYPORT The port number of the proxy to connect to. This port number can also be set in CURLOPT_PROXY. Added in PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_PROXYTYPE Either CURLPROXY_HTTP (default) or CURLPROXY_SOCKS5. Added in cURL 7.10 and PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_RESUME_FROM The offset, in bytes, to resume a transfer from.  
CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST 1 to check the existence of a common name in the SSL peer certificate. 2 to check the existence of a common name and also verify that it matches the hostname provided.  
CURLOPT_SSLVERSION The SSL version (2 or 3) to use. By default PHP will try to determine this itself, although in some cases you must set this manually.  
CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION How CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE is treated. Use CURL_TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE to return the page only if it has been modified since the time specified in CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE. If it hasn't been modified, a "304 Not Modified" header will be returned assuming CURLOPT_HEADER is TRUE. Use CURL_TIMECOND_ISUNMODSINCE for the reverse effect. CURL_TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE is the default. Added in PHP 5.1.0.
CURLOPT_TIMEOUT The maximum number of seconds to allow cURL functions to execute.  
CURLOPT_TIMEVALUE The time in seconds since January 1st, 1970. The time will be used by CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION. By default, CURL_TIMECOND_IFMODSINCE is used.  

value should be a string for the following values of the option parameter:

OptionSet value toNotes
CURLOPT_CAINFO The name of a file holding one or more certificates to verify the peer with. This only makes sense when used in combination with CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER.  
CURLOPT_CAPATH A directory that holds multiple CA certificates. Use this option alongside CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER.  
CURLOPT_COOKIE The contents of the "Set-Cookie: " header to be used in the HTTP request.  
CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE The name of the file containing the cookie data. The cookie file can be in Netscape format, or just plain HTTP-style headers dumped into a file.  
CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR The name of a file to save all internal cookies to when the connection closes.  
CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST A custom request method to use instead of "GET" or "HEAD" when doing a HTTP request. This is useful for doing "DELETE" or other, more obscure HTTP requests. Valid values are things like "GET", "POST", "CONNECT" and so on; i.e. Do not enter a whole HTTP request line here. For instance, entering "GET /index.html HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n" would be incorrect.

注意: Don't do this without making sure your server supports the custom request method first.

 
CURLOPT_EGBSOCKET Like CURLOPT_RANDOM_FILE, except a filename to an Entropy Gathering Daemon socket.  
CURLOPT_ENCODING The contents of the "Accept-Encoding: " header. This enables decoding of the response. Supported encodings are "identity", "deflate", and "gzip". If an empty string, "", is set, a header containing all supported encoding types is sent. Added in cURL 7.10.
CURLOPT_FTPPORT The value which will be used to get the IP address to use for the FTP "POST" instruction. The "POST" instruction tells the remote server to connect to our specified IP address. The string may be a plain IP address, a hostname, a network interface name (under Unix), or just a plain '-' to use the systems default IP address.  
CURLOPT_INTERFACE The name of the outgoing network interface to use. This can be an interface name, an IP address or a host name.  
CURLOPT_KRB4LEVEL The KRB4 (Kerberos 4) security level. Any of the following values (in order from least to most powerful) are valid: "clear", "safe", "confidential", "private".. If the string does not match one of these, "private" is used. Setting this option to NULL will disable KRB4 security. Currently KRB4 security only works with FTP transactions.  
CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS The full data to post in a HTTP "POST" operation.  
CURLOPT_PROXY The HTTP proxy to tunnel requests through.  
CURLOPT_PROXYUSERPWD A username and password formatted as "[username]:[password]" to use for the connection to the proxy.  
CURLOPT_RANDOM_FILE A filename to be used to seed the random number generator for SSL.  
CURLOPT_RANGE Range(s) of data to retrieve in the format "X-Y" where X or Y are optional. HTTP transfers also support several intervals, separated with commas in the format "X-Y,N-M".  
CURLOPT_REFERER The contents of the "Referer: " header to be used in a HTTP request.  
CURLOPT_SSL_CIPHER_LIST A list of ciphers to use for SSL. For example, RC4-SHA and TLSv1 are valid cipher lists.  
CURLOPT_SSLCERT The name of a file containing a PEM formatted certificate.  
CURLOPT_SSLCERTPASSWD The password required to use the CURLOPT_SSLCERT certificate.  
CURLOPT_SSLCERTTYPE The format of the certificate. Supported formats are "PEM" (default), "DER", and "ENG". Added in cURL 7.9.3 and PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_SSLENGINE The identifier for the crypto engine of the private SSL key specified in CURLOPT_SSLKEY.  
CURLOPT_SSLENGINE_DEFAULT The identifier for the crypto engine used for asymmetric crypto operations.  
CURLOPT_SSLKEY The name of a file containing a private SSL key.  
CURLOPT_SSLKEYPASSWD The secret password needed to use the private SSL key specified in CURLOPT_SSLKEY.

注意: Since this option contains a sensitive password, remember to keep the PHP script it is contained within safe.

 
CURLOPT_SSLKEYTYPE The key type of the private SSL key specified in CURLOPT_SSLKEY. Supported key types are "PEM" (default), "DER", and "ENG".  
CURLOPT_URL The URL to fetch. You can also set this when initializing a session with curl_init().  
CURLOPT_USERAGENT The contents of the "User-Agent: " header to be used in a HTTP request.  
CURLOPT_USERPWD A username and password formatted as "[username]:[password]" to use for the connection.  

value should be an array for the following values of the option parameter:

OptionSet value toNotes
CURLOPT_HTTP200ALIASES An array of HTTP 200 responses that will be treated as valid responses and not as errors. Added in cURL 7.10.3 and PHP 5.0.0.
CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER An array of HTTP header fields to set.  
CURLOPT_POSTQUOTE An array of FTP commands to execute on the server after the FTP request has been performed.  
CURLOPT_QUOTE An array of FTP commands to execute on the server prior to the FTP request.  

value should be a stream resource (using fopen(), for example) for the following values of the option parameter:

OptionSet value toNotes
CURLOPT_FILE The file that the transfer should be written to. The default is STDOUT (the browser window).  
CURLOPT_INFILE The file that the transfer should be read from when uploading.  
CURLOPT_STDERR An alternative location to output errors to instead of STDERR.  
CURLOPT_WRITEHEADER The file that the header part of the transfer is written to.  

value should be a string that is the name of a valid callback function for the following values of the option parameter:

OptionSet value toNotes
CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION The name of a callback function where the callback function takes two parameters. The first is the cURL resource, the second is a string with the header data to be written. Using this callback function, it becomes your responsibility to write the header data. Return the number of bytes written.  
CURLOPT_PASSWDFUNCTION The name of a callback function where the callback function takes three parameters. The first is the cURL resource, the second is a string containing a password prompt, and the third is the maximum password length. Return the string containing the password.  
CURLOPT_READFUNCTION The name of a callback function where the callback function takes two parameters. The first is the cURL resource, and the second is a string with the data to be read. Using this callback function, it becomes your responsibility to read the data. Return the number of bytes read. Return 0 to signal EOF.  
CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION The name of a callback function where the callback function takes two parameters. The first is the cURL resource, and the second is a string with the data to be written. Using this callback function, it becomes your responsibility to write the data. Must return the exact number of bytes written or this will fail.  

返回值

如果成功则返回 TRUE，失败则返回 FALSE。

范例

例 1. Initializing a new cURL session and fetching a web page

<?php
// create a new cURL resource
$ch = curl_init();

// set URL and other appropriate options
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "http://www.example.com/");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, false);

// grab URL and pass it to the browser
curl_exec($ch);

// close cURL resource, and free up system resources
curl_close($ch);
?>

参见

curl_setopt_array()


add a note add a note User Contributed Notes
chuck
20-Jul-2007 04:07
The explanation of CURLOPT_NOBODY ("TRUE to exclude the body from the output.") seems unclear to me -- I originally read "output" to mean the return value, i.e. the response.  In fact it means to exclude the body from your *request*.  Not sure whether "output" means the same thing for CURLOPT_HEADER though.
michael sky
05-Jul-2007 10:09
if you are trying to connect to 'https://...' and after that want to work with POST data - that's the way:

$curl = curl_init();
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, FALSE);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POST, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)");
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "cookiefile");
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, "cookiefile"); # SAME cookiefile
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, "url1"); # this is where you first time connect - GET method authorization in my case, if you have POST - need to edit code a bit
$xxx = curl_exec($curl);

curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_URL, "url2"); # this is where you are requesting POST-method form results (working with secure connection using cookies after auth)
curl_setopt($curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, "var1=value&var2=value&var3=value&"); # form params that'll be used to get form results
$xxx = curl_exec($curl);

curl_close ($curl);
echo $xxx;
sleepwalker at rahulsjohari dot com
27-Jun-2007 06:18
Two things that I noted, one of which has been mentioned earlier, if you are connecting to an SSL site (https) and don't have the appropriate certificate, don't forget to set CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER as "false"... it's set to "true" by default. Scratched my head over 2 hours to figure this one out as I had a machine with an older version installed and everything worked fine without using this option on that one - but failed on other machines with newer versions.

Second very important thing, I've never had my scripts work (tried on various machines, multiple platforms) with a Relative path to a COOKIEJAR or COOKIEFILE. In my experience I HAVE to specify the absolute path and not the relative path.

Small script I wrote to connect to a page, gather all cookies into a jar, connect to another page to login, taking the cookiejar with you for authentication:

$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, "/Library/WebServer/Documents/tmp/cookieFileName");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,"https://www.example.com/myaccount/start.asp");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
ob_start();      // Prevent output
curl_exec ($ch);
ob_end_clean();  // End preventing output
curl_close ($ch);
unset($ch);

$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, "field1=".$f1."&field2=".$f2."&SomeFlag=True");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "/Library/WebServer/Documents/tmp/cookieFileName");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL,"https://www.example.com/myaccount/Login.asp");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, true);
$result = curl_exec ($ch);
curl_close ($ch);
mcbreen at gmail dot com
12-Jun-2007 09:35
If you are getting the following error:

SSL: certificate subject name 'domain-or-ip-1.com' does not match target host name 'domain-or-ip-2.com'

Then you can set the following option to get around it:

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, FALSE);
vincent at ludden dot nl
12-Jun-2007 08:55
Please note that the CURLOPT_INTERFACE setting only accepts IP addresses and hostnames of the local machine. It is not meant to send a URL to a specific IP address.
Jon Freilich
12-May-2007 04:52
curl will sometimes return an "Empty reply from server" error if you don't send a User-Agent string.  Use the CURLOPT_USERAGENT option.
rob at infoglobe dot net
24-Apr-2007 04:01
Options not included in the above, but that work (Taken from the libcurl.a C documentation)

CURLOPT_FTP_SSL

Pass a long using one of the values from below, to make libcurl use your desired level of SSL for the ftp transfer. (Added in 7.11.0)

CURLFTPSSL_NONE

Don't attempt to use SSL.

CURLFTPSSL_TRY

Try using SSL, proceed as normal otherwise.

CURLFTPSSL_CONTROL

Require SSL for the control connection or fail with CURLE_FTP_SSL_FAILED.

CURLFTPSSL_ALL

Require SSL for all communication or fail with CURLE_FTP_SSL_FAILED.
alfredoaguirre dot v at gmail dot com
14-Mar-2007 12:26
Seems that CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER Option set to TRUE, returns a "1" when the transaction returns a blank page.

I think is for eliminate the FALSE to can be with a blank page as return
paczor
08-Mar-2007 02:50
How to get rid of response after POST: just add callback function for returned data (CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION) and make this function empty.

function curlHeaderCallback($ch, $strHeader) {
}
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, 'curlHeaderCallback')
Killerwhile
03-Mar-2007 02:36
In response to "brett at brettbrewer dot com" and Jamolkhon, the fact you don't take into account is when a redirection (Location: ...) occurs, all the headers are given so the \r\n\r\n can also separate twp consecutive headers.

An even better trick to get the header is to use CURLINFO_HEADER_SIZE :

$header_size = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HEADER_SIZE);

$headers = substr($output, 0, $header_size - 4);
$body = substr($output, $header_size);

Then $headers contains all the headers.
Jamolkhon
15-Dec-2006 07:11
in response to "brett at brettbrewer dot com":
another useful way of getting headers without using regular expression

<?php

class CCurl {
   var $m_handle;
   var $m_header;
   var $m_body;
  
   function CCurl($sUrl) {
       $this->m_handle = curl_init();
       curl_setopt($this->m_handle, CURLOPT_URL, $sUrl);
       curl_setopt($this->m_handle, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1);
       curl_setopt($this->m_handle, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
       return;
   }
  
   function getHeader() {
       return $this->m_header;
   }
  
   function execute() {
       $sResponse = curl_exec($this->m_handle);
       $this->m_body = substr($sResponse, strpos($sResponse, "\r\n\r\n") + 4);
       $this->m_header = substr($sResponse, 0, -strlen($this->m_body));
       return $this->m_body;
   }
  
   function close() {
       curl_close($this->m_handle);
       return;
   }
}

?>

(you can add something or make some changes to suit your needs)
eion at bigfoot dot com
22-Nov-2006 04:40
If you are trying to use CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION and you get this warning:
Warning: curl_setopt() [function.curl-setopt]: CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION cannot be activated when in safe_mode or an open_basedir is set...

then you will want to read http://www.php.net/ChangeLog-4.php which says "Disabled CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION in curl when open_basedir or safe_mode are enabled." as of PHP 4.4.4/5.1.5.  This is due to the fact that curl is not part of PHP and doesn't know the values of open_basedir or safe_mode, so you could comprimise your webserver operating in safe_mode by redirecting (using header('Location: ...')) to "file://" urls, which curl would have gladly retrieved.

Until the curl extension is changed in PHP or curl (if it ever will) to deal with "Location:" headers, here is a far from perfect remake of the curl_exec function that I am using.

Since there's no curl_getopt function equivalent, you'll have to tweak the function to make it work for your specific use.  As it is here, it returns the body of the response and not the header.  It also doesn't deal with redirection urls with username and passwords in them.

<?php
   function curl_redir_exec($ch)
   {
       static $curl_loops = 0;
       static $curl_max_loops = 20;
       if ($curl_loops++ >= $curl_max_loops)
       {
           $curl_loops = 0;
           return FALSE;
       }
       curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, true);
       curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true);
       $data = curl_exec($ch);
       list($header, $data) = explode("\n\n", $data, 2);
       $http_code = curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
       if ($http_code == 301 || $http_code == 302)
       {
           $matches = array();
           preg_match('/Location:(.*?)\n/', $header, $matches);
           $url = @parse_url(trim(array_pop($matches)));
           if (!$url)
           {
               //couldn't process the url to redirect to
               $curl_loops = 0;
               return $data;
           }
           $last_url = parse_url(curl_getinfo($ch, CURLINFO_EFFECTIVE_URL));
           if (!$url['scheme'])
               $url['scheme'] = $last_url['scheme'];
           if (!$url['host'])
               $url['host'] = $last_url['host'];
           if (!$url['path'])
               $url['path'] = $last_url['path'];
           $new_url = $url['scheme'] . '://' . $url['host'] . $url['path'] . ($url['query']?'?'.$url['query']:'');
           curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $new_url);
           debug('Redirecting to', $new_url);
           return curl_redir_exec($ch);
       } else {
           $curl_loops=0;
           return $data;
       }
   }
?>
jochem AT hotmail dot com
09-Nov-2006 07:27
I have seen two posts complaining the "CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS" option is not working well.

This was the solution given below:

   $o="";
   foreach ($post_data as $k=>$v)
   {
       $o.= "$k=".utf8_encode($v)."&";
   }
   $post_data=substr($o,0,-1);

The assumption that this is an error is not true, as stated on http://curl.rtin.bz/docs/httpscripting.html:
"  The data you send to the server MUST already be properly encoded, curl will
  not do that for you. For example, if you want the data to contain a space,
  you need to replace that space with %20 etc. Failing to comply with this
  will most likely cause your data to be received wrongly and messed up."

This means you do really have to encode the data yourself the right way.
zarko at svetlozar dot net
01-Oct-2006 11:51
As Yevgen mentioned earlier sometimes we can't use CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR and CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE. Below is a header callback function I wrote back in January that lets you maintain cookies between cURL requests. Cookies are added to $ch during all requests even during redirection, so you can use it together with CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION.
Here is the code:

function read_header($ch, $string)
{
   global $location; #keep track of location/redirects
   global $cookiearr; #store cookies here
   global $ch;
       # ^overrides the function param $ch
       # this is okay because we need to
       # update the global $ch with
       # new cookies
  
   $length = strlen($string);
   if(!strncmp($string, "Location:", 9))
   { #keep track of last redirect
     $location = trim(substr($string, 9, -1));
   }
   if(!strncmp($string, "Set-Cookie:", 11))
   { #get the cookie
     $cookiestr = trim(substr($string, 11, -1));
     $cookie = explode(';', $cookiestr);
     $cookie = explode('=', $cookie[0]);
     $cookiename = trim(array_shift($cookie));
     $cookiearr[$cookiename] = trim(implode('=', $cookie));
   }
   $cookie = "";
   if(trim($string) == "")
   {  #execute only at end of header
     foreach ($cookiearr as $key=>$value)
     {
       $cookie .= "$key=$value; ";
     }
     curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE, $cookie);
   }

   return $length;
}

Using the header function with curl (add this before curl_exec):

#don't forget globals, especially if you are using this in function
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, 'read_header');

This code assumes that you will reuse $ch without initializing it every time (call curl_init only once, in the beginning). If you need to initialize $ch again at any point in your code you can access the currently stored cookies in $cookiearr and include them in the new $ch.

I wrote this function before I had enough experience with regular expressions so you won't find any preg_match calls here. I have used this code for quite a while and without any problems accessing gmail, yahoo, hotmail, aol etc. where I had to go through login and a few pages before getting to what I was looking for.

Svetlozar Petrov (http://svetlozar.net)
php at miggy dot org
23-Aug-2006 05:35
Note that if you want to use a proxy and use it as a _cache_, you'll have to do:

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array("Pragma: "));

else by default Curl puts a "Pragma: no-cache" header in and thus force cache misses for all requests.
bendavis78 at gmail dot com
13-Jul-2006 10:58
You can use CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION  with a callback inside an object.  This makes is it easy to capture the headers for later use.  For example:
<?
class Test
{
   public $headers;

   //...

   public function exec($opts)
   {
       $this->headers = array();
       $opts[CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION] = array($this, '_setHeader');
       $ch = curl_init();
       curl_setopt_array($ch, $opts);
       return curl_exec($ch);
   }

   private function _setHeader($ch, $header)
   {
       $this->headers[] = $header;
       return strlen($header);
   }

  
}

$test = new Test();
$opts = array(
   //... your curl opts here
);
$data = $test->exec($opts);
print_r($test->headers);
?>

...something like that

(This works in php v. 5.1.4)
Philippe dot Jausions at 11abacus dot com
30-May-2006 06:31
Clarification on the callback methods:

- CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION is for handling header lines received *in the response*,
- CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION is for handling data received *from the response*,
- CURLOPT_READFUNCTION is for handling data passed along *in the request*.

The callback "string" can be any callable function, that includes the array(&$obj, 'someMethodName') format.

 -Philippe
mr at coder dot tv
14-Apr-2006 02:22
Sometimes you can't use CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR and CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE becoz of the server php-settings(They say u may grab any files from server using these options). Here is the solution
1)Don't use CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION
2)Use curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1)
3)Grab from the header cookies like this:
preg_match_all('|Set-Cookie: (.*);|U', $content, $results);   
$cookies = implode(';', $results[1]);
4)Set them using curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE,  $cookies);

Good Luck, Yevgen
giunta dot gaetano at sea-aeroportimilano dot it
27-Mar-2006 10:59
- CURLOPT-HTTPAUTH is defined in php 4.4.2 9and maybe lower), even tough the manual says php 5.0 only...

- it is not clear from the manual what kind of http auth is carried out by default if user specifies username/pwd: it is BASIC auth

ps: note to manual writers: the version info on this page always looks a bit inaccurate, especially regarding the php version where a given option first appeared...
Dustin Hawkins
27-Dec-2005 10:24
To further expand upon use of CURLOPT_CAPATH and CURLOPT_CAINFO...

In my case I wanted to prevent curl from talking to any HTTPS server except my own using a self signed certificate. To do this, you'll need openssl installed and access to the HTTPS Server Certificate (server.crt by default on apache)

You can then use a command simiar to this to translate your apache certificate into one that curl likes.

$ openssl x509 -in server.crt -out outcert.pem -text

Then set CURLOPT_CAINFO equal to the the full path to outcert.pem and turn on CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER.

If you want to use the CURLOPT_CAPATH option, you should create a directory for all the valid certificates you have created, then use the c_rehash script that is included with openssl to "prepare" the directory.

If you dont use the c_rehash utility, curl will ignore any file in the directory you set.
skyogre __at__ yandex __dot__ ru
22-Dec-2005 10:13
There is really a problem of transmitting $_POST data with curl in php 4+ at least.
I improved the encoding function by Alejandro Moreno to work properly with mulltidimensional arrays.

<?php
function data_encode($data, $keyprefix = "", $keypostfix = "") {
  assert( is_array($data) );
  $vars=null;
  foreach($data as $key=>$value) {
   if(is_array($value)) $vars .= data_encode($value, $keyprefix.$key.$keypostfix.urlencode("["), urlencode("]"));
   else $vars .= $keyprefix.$key.$keypostfix."=".urlencode($value)."&";
  }
  return $vars;
}

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, substr(data_encode($_POST), 0, -1) );

?>
phpnet at wafflehouse dot de
23-Oct-2005 01:34
Resetting CURLOPT_FILE to STDOUT won't work by calling curl_setopt() with the STDOUT constant or a php://output stream handle (at least I get error messages when trying the code from phpnet at andywaite dot com). Instead, one can simply reset it as a side effect of CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER. Just say

       curl_setopt($this->curl,CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER,0);

and following calls to curl_exec() will output to STDOUT again.
webmaster () stauceni.com
20-Oct-2005 08:42
A little mistake, that took a half-day to fix it:
When specifing CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE or CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR options, don't forget to "chmod 777" that directory where cookie-file must be created.
mcknight at chek dot com
23-Aug-2005 03:10
when specifing the file for either CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE or CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR you may need to use the full file path instead of just the relative path.
phpnet at andywaite dot com
07-Jun-2005 09:08
After setting CURLOPT_FILE, you may want want to revert back to the normal behaviour of displaying the results. This can be achieved using:

$fp = fopen ("php://output", "w") or die("Unable to open stdout for writing.\n");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_FILE, $fp);
ikendra at yken dot nospam dot org
09-May-2005 04:26
Using cURL, I needed to call a third-party script which was returning binary data as attachment to pass on retrieved data again as attachment.

Problem was that the third-party script occassionally returned HTTP errors and I wanted to avoid passing on zero-length attachment in such case.

Combination of using CURLOPT_FAILONERROR and CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION callback helped to process the third-party script HTTP errors neatly:

<?
function curlHeaderCallback($resURL, $strHeader) {
   if (preg_match('/^HTTP/i', $strHeader)) {
       header($strHeader);
       header('Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="file-name.zip"');
   }
   return strlen($strHeader);
}

$strURL = 'http://www.somesite.com/script-whichs-dumps-binary-attachment.php';

$resURL = curl_init();
curl_setopt($resURL, CURLOPT_URL, $strURL);
curl_setopt($resURL, CURLOPT_BINARYTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($resURL, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, 'curlHeaderCallback');
curl_setopt($resURL, CURLOPT_FAILONERROR, 1);

curl_exec ($resURL);

$intReturnCode = curl_getinfo($resURL, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
curl_close ($resURL);

if ($intReturnCode != 200) {
   print 'was error: ' . $intReturnCode;
}
?>
ale at desarrolloweburuguay dot com
05-May-2005 12:00
I don't know if in PHP 5+ this problem is solved, but, when I send via POST using CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS some times it doesnt work an associative array as parameter... and, if I need to send non-ascii characters (like ,,,,etc..) this problem appears too.
The solution is to encode in a unique string all the post key=>values

Possibly this code doesnt work:

<?php

   $post_data = array();
   $post_data['var1'] = "Diseo web uruguay";
   $post_data['var2'] = "Other string";
   $url = "http://www.someurl.com/";

   $ch = curl_init();
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, );   
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $post_data);
   $result = curl_exec($ch);

?>

But this works:
<?php

   $post_data = array();
   $post_data['var1'] = "Diseo web uruguay";
   $post_data['var2'] = "Other string";
   $url = "http://www.someurl.com/";

   $o="";
   foreach ($post_data as $k=>$v)
   {
       $o.= "$k=".utf8_encode($v)."&";
   }
   $post_data=substr($o,0,-1);
  
   $ch = curl_init();
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, );   
   curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $post_data);
   $result = curl_exec($ch);

?>

Rgds.
Alejandro Moreno.-
azcappy at azcappy dot com
23-Mar-2005 06:03
AZAds is a traffic exchange that we wrote. We wanted to come up with a way to check the UP or DOWN status of a submitted URL. Here is the solution we came up with. Can also be used for a site monitoring service.

<?
$uServer="$url";
@$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "$uServer");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
@curl_exec($ch);
$errnum=curl_errno($ch);
@curl_close($ch);
if($errnum != "0") {
     print "Remote Site Status: DOWN";
} else {
     print "Remote Site Status: UP";
}
?>

Simply feed the URL to be tested into $url. The code will check the site and return the error code if there is one and display to appropriate message.

Hope this is useful.

Keith
www.azads.net
mcknight at chek dot com
21-Feb-2005 05:38
Another way to automate a login process and store multiple cookies for additional transfers.

(The easiest way is probably just to use CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR and CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE and save them to a file. But if you need to change those cookie values or add/delete them then you can use the code below to set them.)

Continuing with Paul Ebermann's parsing function.
 function parse_response($this_response)
   {
   // Split response into header and body sections
   list($response_headers, $response_body) = explode("\r\n\r\n", $this_response, 2);
   $response_header_lines = explode("\r\n", $response_headers);

   // First line of headers is the HTTP response code
   $http_response_line = array_shift($response_header_lines);
   if(preg_match('@^HTTP/[0-9]\.[0-9] ([0-9]{3})@',$http_response_line, $matches)) { $response_code = $matches[1]; }

   // put the rest of the headers in an array
   $response_header_array = array();
   foreach($response_header_lines as $header_line)
       {
       list($header,$value) = explode(': ', $header_line, 2);
       $response_header_array[$header] .= $value."\n";
       }

   return array("code" => $response_code, "header" => $response_header_array, "body" => $response_body);
   }

// Do transfer, and make sure to include header in response
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "[login process]");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);

// Parse the response message
$response = parse_response($response);

// Create the basic header
$this_header = array(
   "MIME-Version: 1.0",
   "Content-type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1",
   "Content-transfer-encoding: text"
);

// Add each cookie that has been returned in the response
// If cookies need to be added/deleted or value changed, then add code here
$cookies = explode("\n", $response["header"]["Set-Cookie"]);
foreach($cookies as $this_cookie) { array_push($this_header, "Cookie: ".$this_cookie); }

// Next set of transfers
$ch = curl_init();
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "[new transfer]");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $this_header);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$response = curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
Aaron Stephanic
11-Nov-2004 05:51
The parse_response code below does not return multiple cookies as the value of 'Set-Cookie' if multiple cookies are set by the server.  It appears to only return the last cookie set.
Yura Pylypenko (plyrvt at mail dot ru)
08-Oct-2004 09:10
Each example of CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS in these comments has missing urlencode() on variable values. This should be applied according to RFC1738

<?php
$vars=null;
foreach($data as $key=>$value)
 if($key && $value)
  $vars.=$key."=".urlencode($value)."&";
?>
Paul dot Ebermann at esperanto dot de
22-Aug-2004 03:51
I changed the parse_response() function given by "brett at brettbrewer dot com", so it now ignores 1xx-responses, which may come before the real response.

<?php

function parse_response($response){
   /*
   ***original code extracted from examples at
   ***http://www.webreference.com/programming
                           /php/cookbook/chap11/1/3.html

   ***returns an array in the following format which varies depending on headers returned

       [0] => the HTTP error or response code such as 404
       [1] => Array
       (
           [Server] => Microsoft-IIS/5.0
           [Date] => Wed, 28 Apr 2004 23:29:20 GMT
           [X-Powered-By] => ASP.NET
           [Connection] => close
           [Set-Cookie] => COOKIESTUFF
           [Expires] => Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT
           [Content-Type] => text/html
           [Content-Length] => 4040
       )
       [2] => Response body (string)
*/

   do
     {
       list($response_headers,$response) = explode("\r\n\r\n",$response,2);
       $response_header_lines = explode("\r\n",$response_headers);

   // first line of headers is the HTTP response code
       $http_response_line = array_shift($response_header_lines);
       if (preg_match('@^HTTP/[0-9]\.[0-9] ([0-9]{3})@',$http_response_line,
                     $matches)) {
         $response_code = $matches[1];
       }
       else
         {
           $response_code = "Error";
         }
     }
   while (substr($response_code, 0,1) == "1");

   $response_body = $response;
        
   // put the rest of the headers in an array
   $response_header_array = array();
   foreach ($response_header_lines as $header_line) {
       list($header,$value) = explode(': ',$header_line,2);
       $response_header_array[$header] = $value;
   }

   return array($response_code,$response_header_array,$response_body);
}

?>
raul at navenetworks dot com
21-Jul-2004 08:19
Hi!

I have found some information I am sure it could help lot of programmers when they want to connect with curl to any https website and they haven't a good or right CA Cert :)

I give you just one example It has resolved me 2 hours of my time looking for a solution.

It is simple, just if you get any error in the curl_exec (use curl_error(...) to see the error to trace it) add the next line and everything is solved:

(note: replace $ch with the right curl variable)

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, FALSE);

<?php

$ch = curl_init();
$res= curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_URL,"https://yoururl/cgi");

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, FALSE);
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 0);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, "Idc=si&");
curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
$xyz = curl_exec ($ch);

curl_close ($ch);
echo $xyz;
if ($xyz == NULL) {
           echo "Error:<br>";
           echo curl_errno($ch) . " - " . curl_error($ch) . "<br>";
}
?>

I hope this helps.

Raul Mate Galan
Ceo Navenetworks Corp.

Note: Thanks to Ruben Lopez Gea for his help too.
ron at ttvavanti dot nl
07-May-2004 03:00
If you specify a CAINFO, note that the file must be in PEM format! (If not, it won't work).
Using Openssl you can use:
openssl x509 -in <cert> -inform d -outform PEM -out cert.pem
To create a pem formatted certificate from a binary certificate (the one you get if you download the ca somewhere).
brett at brettbrewer dot com
29-Apr-2004 02:48
I found it very annoying that cURL did not offer any easy way to extract the response headers. If you do

     curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, 1);

then you only get the headers output inline with the rest of your response. Here's a nice little function to parse the cURL response when you use CURLOPT_HEADER.  I took it from an example on another site and turned it into a function. It assumes you're using CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER to return the response to some variable that is then passed to the function. You just pass it a curl_exec result and it returns the result parsed into an array with headers broken up into their correct parts.

<?php
function parse_response($response){
   /*
   ***original code extracted from examples at
   ***http://www.webreference.com/programming
                           /php/cookbook/chap11/1/3.html

   ***returns an array in the following format which varies depending on headers returned

       [0] => the HTTP error or response code such as 404
       [1] => Array
       (
           [Server] => Microsoft-IIS/5.0
           [Date] => Wed, 28 Apr 2004 23:29:20 GMT
           [X-Powered-By] => ASP.NET
           [Connection] => close
           [Set-Cookie] => COOKIESTUFF
           [Expires] => Thu, 01 Dec 1994 16:00:00 GMT
           [Content-Type] => text/html
           [Content-Length] => 4040
       )
       [2] => Response body (string)
*/

   list($response_headers,$response_body) = explode("\r\n\r\n",$response,2);
   $response_header_lines = explode("\r\n",$response_headers);

   // first line of headers is the HTTP response code
   $http_response_line = array_shift($response_header_lines);
   if (preg_match('@^HTTP/[0-9]\.[0-9] ([0-9]{3})@',$http_response_line,
                   $matches)) {
       $response_code = $matches[1];
   }

   // put the rest of the headers in an array
   $response_header_array = array();
   foreach ($response_header_lines as $header_line) {
       list($header,$value) = explode(': ',$header_line,2);
       $response_header_array[$header] = $value;
   }

   return array($response_code,$response_header_array,$response_body);
}
?>
Jakub Horky <jakub dot php at horky dot net>
04-Apr-2004 08:20
A bit more documentation (without minimum version numbers):

- CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION
- CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION
  Pass a function which will be called to write data or headers respectively. The callback function prototype:

long write_callback (resource ch, string data)

The ch argument is CURL session handle. The data argument is data received. Note that its size is variable. When writing data, as much data as possible will be returned in all invokes. When writing headers, exactly one complete header line is returned for better parsing.
The function must return number of bytes actually taken care of. If that amount differs from the amount passed to this function, an error will occur.

- CURLOPT_READFUNCTION
  Pass a function which will be called to read data. The callback function prototype:

string read_callback (resource ch, resource fd, long length)

The ch argument is CURL session handle. The fd argument is file descriptor passed to CURL by CURLOPT_INFILE option. The length argument is maximum length which can be returned.
The function must return string containing the data which were read. If length of the data is more than maximum length, it will be truncated to maximum length. Returning anything else than a string means an EOF.

[Note: there is more callbacks implemented in current cURL library but they aren't unfortunately implemented in php curl interface yet.]
tim dot php at ebw dot ca
19-Nov-2003 02:18
The page http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/curl_easy_setopt.html at the cURL site has a list of all the CURLOPTS, including many not mentioned here. Also see http://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/php/examples/ for cURL examples in PHP.
me
14-May-2003 04:36
Just a reminder: When setting your CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS remember to replace the spaces in your values with %20
joeldegan AT yahoo.com
24-Feb-2003 09:38
Often times people ask about how to get data from secure servers.

Here is an example of getting the balance page from Paypal
<?
# script by Joel De Gan
# http://listbid.com

function GetCurlPage ($pageSpec) {
  
   $agent = "up.b";
   $header[] = "Accept: text/vnd.wap.wml,*.*";   
       $ch = curl_init($pageSpec);
     curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
   curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1); ########### debug
   curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $agent);
   curl_setopt ($ch,    CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $header);
   curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1);
   curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, "cook");
   curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, "cook");
       $tmp = curl_exec ($ch);
       curl_close ($ch);
   return $tmp;
}
function PostCurlPage ($pageSpec, $data) {
  
   $agent = "up.b";
   $header[] = "Accept: text/vnd.wap.wml,*.*";   
       $ch = curl_init($pageSpec);
     curl_setopt($ch,    CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);